Fantastic Voyage Battle of the Lung Essay Example for Free

Phenomenal Voyage Battle of the Lung Essay Great morning everybody! Marking on, India Hornsby with ASAP Health. I will report live inside Mrs. Frizzle. She has been sick for around two days now. A bacterium is attacking the lower flap of her correct lung. It’s my business to guide the attack and do a live report on what I see. I will enter from the privilege femoral vein and follow a way to the lower flap of the correct lung by means of the privilege aspiratory supply route. I will portray the structures that I go by and through. When I have arrived at the lung, I will portray the structures that I see and talk about how the body battles against the trespasser. After that I will leave the body cross the alveolar film on a way and out the nose. I will enter Mrs. Frizzle body through the femoral vein. The femoral vein is situated in the upper thigh and pelvic area of the body and runs near the femoral conduit (Yahoo Health, 2012). It’s one of the bigger veins in the dishonest framework (Yahoo Health, 2012). The femoral vein returns blood in the leg to the heart by means of the iliac vein (WiseGeek, 2012). Proceeding with North from the femoral vein I will go through the inguinal tendon. The inguinal tendon structures a band that runs from the foremost better iliac spine than the pubis territory of the spine (Yahoo Health, 2012). It fills in as a base to the inguinal channel since hernias can frame there. The fundamental capacity of the inguinal tendon is to ensure the tissue that is continually moving in the storage compartment and lower limits of the body (Yahoo Health, 2012). From the inguinal tendon despite everything traveling north I will go through the outside iliac vein. The outer iliac vein is a continuation of the femoral vein over the inguinal tendon. It begins at the crotch and runs along the edge of the pelvic region (Yahoo Health, 2012). At the point when it is joined with the inner iliac vein it frames the regular iliac vein. The outer iliac vein depletes the leg and lower some portion of the front stomach divider (Merriam-Webster, 2012). As I proceed on I will pass the inside iliac vein toward the East. The inner iliac vein consolidates with the outer iliac vein to frame the regular iliac vein. It depletes the pelvis, gluteal, and perineal locales (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Next I will be going through the basic iliac vein, which is shaped by the outer and inside iliac veins. It permits blood course from the lower midsection and legs (Wise Geek, 2012). The hepatic vein does deoxygenated blood of the liver and into the sub-par vena cava (Wise Geek, 2012). The blood that was utilized to take care of the liver and the blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder is shipped through the hepatic vein. From the hepatic vein I will at that point go through the second rate vena cava. The second rate vena cava runs behind the stomach cavity and close by the correct vertebra segment of the spine (Yahoo Health, 2012). It conveys oxygen exhausted blood from the lower some portion of the body back to the heart. The substandard vena cava purges into the correct chamber (Yahoo Health, 2012). Next stop is the correct chamber. It’s situated on the lower rear of the heart. The correct chamber is one of the four offices of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the two chambers (Yahoo Health, 2012). Oxygen drained blood enters the correct chamber by means of the sub-par and prevalent vena cava (Yahoo Health, 2012). I will at that point go through the tricuspid valve. It frames the limit between the correct ventricle and chamber (Yahoo Health, 2012). The tricuspid valve has tree folds that shield blood from returning into the correct chamber when they are shut. Next I will be proceeding onward to the correct ventricle. It is one of the four offices of the heart, situated at the lower left bit of the heart beneath the correct chamber and inverse the left ventricle (Yahoo Health, 2012). The correct ventricle is liable for siphoning oxygen exhausted blood to the lungs. I will presently go through the privilege pneumonic supply route. It starts at the base of the heart’s right ventricle and is around 3 cm in measurement and 5 cm long (Yahoo Health, 2012). It at that point parts into the left and right pneumonic veins. The privilege aspiratory supply route conveys oxygen exhausted blood to the correct lung. From the privilege aspiratory conduit I have made it to the correct lung. Once in the lung I will make a trip South West to arrive at the lower projection of the correct lung. I’m at long last in the lung. I can at long last observe what it resembles. I see a structure that resembles a three without leaves. I am passing the correct essential bronchi. It is a cylinder like structure that take into account the section of air between the trachea and lung (Health Type, 2012). As I move along the correct essential bronchi fans out into the correct auxiliary bronchi. Every last one of the bronchi fills in as an aviation route to a particular projection of the lung (Wikipedia, 2011). The bronchi have ligament plates, smooth muscles, and bodily fluid discharging organ cells in its divider (Wikipedia, 2011). They contain cilia, which evacuates residue and flotsam and jetsam. Amazing! The correct auxiliary bronchi are expanding into little ways called bronchioles. The bronchioles are answerable for controlling air circulation and wind current obstruction in the lungs (Wise Geek, 2012). They likewise contain cilia that assist move with airing through the framework. The bronchioles are presently ending at the alveolar conduits. They are the little end conduits that fill the lungs. Toward the finish of the alveolar pipes are the alveolar sacs. The alveolar sacs take after a bunch of grapes (Structure and Function, 2008). The dividers of the alveolar sacs are comprised of various alveoli, every one of them take after a solitary grape (Structure and Function, 2008). To battle the bacterium attack in Mrs. Frizzle body a gathering of numerous organs and billions of unreservedly moving and trillions of free-skimming particles in various regions of the body cooperate (Structure and Function, 2008). Vague or intrinsic invulnerability is kept up by components that assault any aggravation or anomalous substance that undermines the inward condition (Structure and Function, 2008). Mrs. Frizzle vague insusceptibility kicked in when the attacking bacterium entered the lung. Pac man-like white platelets called monocytes and macrophages make a move. They at that point hectically enlist various different cells including more macrophages, neutrophils, and regular executioner cells (Greater Immunity, 2010). Every one of these cells cooperate to vanquish the trespasser. In the body’s safeguard, Mrs. Frizzle will build up a fever. The fever is the body’s method of managing all the more adequately with the trespasser. Afterward, during recuperation, lymphocytes become dynamic and make antibodies which will support Mrs. Frizzle manage that specific bacterium, on the off chance that she happens to experience it once more (Greater Immunity, 2010). The initiated lymphocytes and antibodies become some portion of Mrs. Frizzle procured invulnerability. Explicit or procured resistance incorporates defensive systems that give explicit security against specific kinds of attacking microscopic organisms or other poisonous material (Structure and Function, 2008). Mrs. Frizzle developed explicit insusceptibility during her disease. Her memory cells in her invulnerable framework took in the disease and recollected how to beat it later on if it somehow managed to happen once more. Explicit insusceptibility can be regular or counterfeit. Regular invulnerability is normally acquired from the guardians. Counterfeit invulnerability is inoculation. Since the â€Å"Battle of the Lung† is archived I can get back. I will currently cross the alveolar layer into the alveoli. I will take the alveoli to the bronchioles. From the bronchioles I will go through the bronchi. I will at that point take the bronchi to the trachea. Next I will take the trachea to the nasopharynx. After leaving the nasopharynx I will show up at the orthopharynx. I will at that point take the orthopharynx to my goal, out the nose. This was without a doubt a phenomenal journey. I trust you have learned the same amount of as I have. Marking out, India Hornsby at ASAP Health.

Implement Physical Activity Programmes in Clinical Practice

Question: Talk about the Implement Physical Activity Programs in Clinical Practice. Answer: Presentation: Non-intrusive treatment or physiotherapy is an honorable calling in the human services division. It very well may be characterized as the space of physical medication just as restoration claim to fame. This sort of treatment mostly utilizes the mechanical power and developments to remediate impedances so that there is advancement in the patients portability, work and in personal satisfaction (OMahony Blake, 2017). The physical specialist as a calling subsequently essentially includes the master to give a quality life to his customer basically by the procedures of assessment, legitimate analysis, guess and in different physical intercessions. A physical advisor doesn't just connect with himself to clinical practices however can likewise incorporate exercises of different spaces like research, meeting, instruction and even in organization also( Lefman Sheppard, 2014). These medications are normally completed in relationship of other clinical administrations. Because of its differing ex tent of training, numerous medicinal services aficionados have enjoyed this as their calling for business. The article will essentially depict an impression of my encounters that I have assembled as a physiotherapist in the different spaces that I have worked. This will thus assist me with looking at the different positive just as the negative parts of the calling in have confronted. This will assist me with strengthening the positive viewpoints and make a solid effort to limit the shortcoming that I have confronted while rehearsing my calling. I will fundamentally utilize the ORID model of reflection which will assist me with reflecting myself in a successive way and subsequently build up my skill in the field. The First step of the ORID model generally incorporates the Objective segment that normally causes an individual to investigate his different learning encounters like the various spaces and articles that he has shrouded in his picking up, perusing and watching strategies in his readiness stage. Inside the extent of training of the physiotherapists, I have been effective enough to build up a definite information about the evaluation of the neuromuscular framework alongside that of the musco-skeletal framework and cardio-respiratory frameworks. My course work has helped me to set myself up in appropriately diagnosing various types of sicknesses alongside that of different issue that remain unpredictably connected with that of various physical brokenness, torment and furthermore injury. It has assisted with recapturing various sorts of encounters that have shown me the various medicines that I can embrace to enable my patient to get alleviation from the agony. My obligation in my expert years will principally incorporate different mediation procedures which will assist with creating, keep up, restore and consequently increase work sin the individual customers which will improve their portability. These degrees are remembered for the Bill 179 under the Regulatory Health Professions Act Statue Law Amendment Act, Ontario Government 2010. Whenever followed appropriately, this won't just guarantee legitimate assistance to mankind however will likewise assist with forestalling any kind of lawful commitments, which may hamper my notoriety for being an expert physiotherapist when I would seek after the activity (Badia et al., 2014). I have likewise had the option to build up the basic abilities which had helped me to prepare myself in such a manner which will assist me with providing the best assistance as an expert with not many odds of committing any errors. It has instructed me that as a specialist it would be my obligation to from the outset talk with patients so I ca n acquire the right wellbeing data from the patient. When the evaluation information is gathered by me, I have to survey the information and fundamentally examine the discoveries with the goal that I can set up the best intercession plan for my customers. After appropriately applying my mediation, my duty would remember the assessment of the intercession for request to guarantee that the mediation had been productive for the patient in picking up alleviation from the agony that he is encountering. This would assist with evaluating whether any change of administration is basic or not for appropriate help conveyance (Walkeden Walker, 2015). While playing out the referenced advances, I need to ensure additionally that I become a fruitful communicator with the goal that I can pay significance to persistent fulfillment. I have to appropriately create and keep up an affinity with the patient by building a relationship dependent on trust and moral and good temperances. I have to ensure that the patient offer data appropriately with the goal that I can give the best assistance. So as to accomplish this it is significant for me to set up a verbal and furthermore a non verbal correspondence medium where the patient would not exclusively be agreeable however would likewise have the option to participate in the most ideal manner. The more the patient commitment in the treatments, the more the physiotherapist would be certain that his mediations will draw out the best outcomes. I would likewise need to assume the job of a proficient associate in the human services segment where I will be set. Since physiotherapy frequently happens in relationship with numerous different mediations in a medicinal services setting, I would likewise need to set up and keep up legitimate proficient connections. This would be fi nished by legitimate avoidance; administrations and goals of contentions if the emerge in the social insurance part (Johnston Beales, 2016). I was likewise arranged in the most ideal manner by my guides with the goal that I can likewise play out the obligation of an administrator in the event that I get set in the organization area of a physiotherapy division. My fundamental obligation is oversee singular practices simultaneously of regulating the diverse included staff. I would likewise guarantee that each individual practice safe a just as successful physiotherapy to their customers. As capable physiotherapists, my obligation would likewise be a legitimate backer in advancing social insurance among people, populaces and furthermore networks. My tutors have prompted us that I should never stale myself in learning methodology. I ought to continually mirror my practices with the goal that I can pick up experiences into my qualities and shortcoming and appropriately change myself for guaranteeing my ability in the field. I would lean toward get-together of information all through my residency of training as I accept that no body can ever turn out to be so figured out how to quit increasing new information. I ought to lean toward proof based methodology in my practices so that in can guarantee that the most present day strategies are adjusted by me. Additionally as an expert, I ought to keep up the gauges that my calling requests both in legitimate and moral areas simultaneously of regarding people and by contributing the best for the improvement of physiotherapy in my calling (Synnot et al., 2015). All the significant techniques and the extensions that I have concentrated in my course years will assist me with being an effective physiotherapist. This calling is surely significant in the current society. This is on the grounds that the cutting edge period has various scatters like cystic fibrosis, joint inflammation and others, which must be treated by legitimate strategies for physiotherapy as it were. By effectively considering the subject of physiotherapy, both the general public just as I would rece ive rewards as both of our points principally lie in the government assistance of the country. The subsequent stage of the intelligent piece would basically include the various sorts of encounters that I have experienced during my course years. This had helped me to pick up certainty, as my educator had been amazingly content with my work. In such manner, I might want to depict two significant encounters that had caused me to feel reliable about my insight. Our teacher, so as to test our basic reasoning ability had furnished us with contextual analyses so as to perceive how we would charge in our future in the event that we take up the calling. He gave us a case like that of a patient named Sally who went to a center with grumblings of agony in the correct lower arm. She likewise whined of issues in playing out her obligations. By saying so the educator asked us our obligation that would be as a physiotherapist. In spite of the fact that she had griped in her lower arm, I attempted to break down every detail of her so I can locate the fundamental source. After basic investigat ion, something intriguing came to be light. I attempted to relate my insight with the patients indications and comprehended that she was experiencing neural strain. My educator was intrigued of my fundamentally examining ability, which thusly helped me to pick up certainty. While I was prompted by the teacher to give right treatment techniques to her, I attempted to apply my both hypothetical just as viable abilities and information. I arranged intercession, which included muscle fortifying, muscle extending, upper back reinforcing, and neural coasting too. Such great words from the educator helped my certainty and made me increasingly excited for taking up the calling of physiotherapy. My educator likewise expressed that I had followed each progression that I have to follow while going to a patient. This reaction from my educator helped me to be also committing to each patient and never underestimate any of their issues. I had applied all extents of training in my speculative treat ment plan. These rules were checked by my teacher and valued my devotion in my calling. I was energized by such sort of difficulties that I looked for the situation where I needed to build up a basic reasoning capacity. I need to give my affection to the calling to support mankind and when this goes with fascinating difficulties, there would be no degree for fatigue. I generally lean toward such testing calling. Additionally this calling is likewise very much regarded in the general public for the help that it gives to bothered individuals in torment. Along these lines accepting such legitimate calling as my vocation would be a fantasy satisfaction. The following stage of the reflection would for the most part spread the different intellectual learning encounters tha

The Month of Novembeard

The Month of Novembeard We often discuss diversity here at MITAdmissions: specifically, the importance of having many cultures and learning from them. Today, I would like to share a bit of my own culture with you. It is, in fact, my home state of New Hampshires greatest, and most revered, cultural practice: the annual growth of the  Novembeard. The rituals of No-Shave-November, as practiced by natives of New Hampshire, are sacred, but simple: shave on October 31st do not shave again until December 1st see what happens Please note that No-Shave-November is similar to, but distinct from, Movember, an Australian variant of the practice that focuses exclusively on the area of the face located below the nose and above the upper lip. As I often told my college roommate, who was from Adelaide: nice try. As a cosmopolitan, sophisticated friend of the world, I welcome their naive, childlike interest; as a High Priest of the Temple Of The Novembeard, I must denounce their heresy. Like putting beets on burgers, this is simply a case in which Australia got it backwards (or perhaps upside down). Anyway: My Novembeard is now 20 days old, and I am happy to share my current advanced state of cultural observance with you: Now, you may say, but Chris, thats hardly a beard at all!! It looks like a very flat baby sloth is hugging the underside of your chin.  Of course, you saying that would but betray your understandable, adorable, but nevertheless lamentable, understanding of proper production of a Novembeard. For example: It is true that my beard appears to be growing only my neck, like a dank bread mold on the underside of a loaf hidden at the back of the supermarket shelf. This is, however, a cultivation (and not just in the bacterial sense). You see, though it is impossible to see in this photo, I actually do have hair on my face, and beneath my nose. Its just blond, even blonder than the hair on my head. I do not know why this happens, but my going theory is that when those brave pioneers of hair peek cross the boundary of my jawbone onto the vast plain of my face, they become struck, instantly, by its almost insurpassable beauty. Most are not brave enough to venture forth, and those that do are struck, like a young child who has seen a ghost, white with shock at how good looking the ground from which they sprout is. I am like a great lion, tawny and magnificent in my visage, king of all I survey. Additionally, this beard serves an inspirational, aspirational goal for others. Consider star Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck: This is unquestionably a tribute to me, personally, and to the leadership I have shown in the realm of proper beards. It is indeed through my pioneering work in the field that  Andrew Luck has become the most highly acclaimed college quarterback since Peyton Manning. While I have done so much for Andrew, I ask almost nothing in return. Whats that, Andrew? Youd like to give me your signing bonus after holding out until the Patriots draft you to eventually replace Tom Brady in five years when he goes off to retire with Giselle? Why I couldnt possiblywell if you insist   Where was I. Ah yes, Novembeard. Though Ben and Stu once grew beards throughout a reading season, I am, to my knowledge, the only native Novembearder the office has had. You might ask what do my fellow admissions officers think of my Novembeard? I am sadly unable to know. Few address it, or indeed are able to bring themselves to even gaze upon its magnificence. Just the other day, Mikey became physically ill after I asked him to take a closer look. Like the end of Raiders of the Lost Ark, a heathen like he could not bear my beauty. A Novembeard can, in this way, be a burden, as few around you are of such refined intelligence and aesthetics to appreciate it. Indeed, the life of a monk in the Church of the Novembeard is a lonely, unshaven one, but it is beautiful and transcendent too. It allows you to ask important questions, like Who am I? Why am I here? When will my neck stop itching? With ten days to go in my annual observance, I am glad to have brought some of my culture to yours. As we say in New Hampshire: ahhh shaaw, and go in peace.

Essay On The American Dream - 1097 Words

Melissa Mendoza Professor Elena Alvarado-Strasser Sociology 100 07/15/2017 The American Dream to Sociologists If you asked the average American, they would agree that â€Å"everyone has equal opportunity if they just work hard enough.† Although we are a nation built on the pursuit of the American dream, sociologists would have to disagree that we all have equal opportunity within society, regardless of our work efforts. We are not all born on the same playing field, some of us have have more inherent advantages while other have more barriers. It is ideal to believe that we each have the same opportunity as our neighbors, colleagues, or classmates, but the reality is our future is built on where we fall into society. Our society is based on†¦show more content†¦Those of privilege tend to have parents with a higher education themselves. The quality of our education at an early start, dictates our outlook for our educations in the future. â€Å"Schools in poor districts have the poorest physical facilities, libraries, laboratories, academic programs, and teachers,† (Purr ucci and Wysong, 114) schools in the privileged areas of course, would have higher standards for their students and top of the line equipment and teachers. Children born into privileged families are expected to seek higher educations as their parents, while most working poor children are pushed to go to work right away to help their families, a higher education is not viewed as a realistic goal. They have limited monetary resources to pay for tuition, room, and board, let alone most of their own parents have not received a high school diploma, some not even grade school. Sociologists believe a person of privilege with a college degree (from a well known National college) would have stable, secure resources over time, a stable job and income, secure health insurance and pensions, compared to those in the working poor class with limited education would have to living paycheck-to-paycheck, possibly have to work multiple jobs to survive and are paid low wages, with no health benefits. T hose in the poor working class tend to have jobs within corporations thatShow MoreRelatedEssay On The American Dream1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream: Is it Only a Dream? From the moment colonists stepped foot on American soil, freedom flowed through their skin. The new country would bring endless opprotunities to anyone who wished to pursue their dreams. Through years of effort, the United States was born and along with it a sense of equality and meaning. Today, America has much to stand for. 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Starting with the European settlements in the 1600s and many waves of diverse groups of people migrated after thus creating this ideology known as the America Dream which encompasses the opportunity at a better life and growth in all aspects political, economic religious etc. But at what cost what is often forgot is the American nightmare which is included the perverse and horrifying accounts of colonialism, diaspora and slavery. Slaves were not migrants they did not come here on their own

My Visit to an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting - 2384 Words

On February 27, 2014, I visited an Alcohol Anonymous (A.A) therapeutic group meeting called Another Chance. Another Chance is an intergroup meeting located inside the Concord Baptist Church of Christ, at 833 Gardner C. Taylor Boulevard, Brooklyn, NY 11216. Another Chance has been in operation for over thirty years, and holds open discussion meetings on alcohol use and prevention, every Thursday from six in the evening until seven o’clock. This group interaction with alcohol substance use and abuse focuses on helping all members regardless of race, ethnicity or culture, to abstain from drinking one day at a time; and encourages them to maintain healthy thoughts and emotions through the use of the â€Å"Twelve Steps and Traditions† of recovery†¦show more content†¦Alcoholism is considered a major health issue by many resources. It is seen as an illness by the American Medical Association and the British Medical Association. Alcoholics are unable to control their drinking habits because they are ill within their minds and bodies. Within the United States, it is recognized as the third greatest substance use killer, following heart disease and cancer as noted by various sources. It not only hurts substance users, but can have significant effects on their families and their jobs. There is a multitude of knowledge on how to identify and arrest alcoholism, but there is no known prevention for it. Therefore, Alcohol Anonymous (A.A) was developed to help sufferers of alcohol abstain from drinking and learn positive ways to live life without the use of alcohol. Each individual is different; therefore, not all will have the same symptoms. Some symptoms include but are not limited to drinking at school or at work, sneaking drinks, drinking early in the mornings and over drinking at events. 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I found this information on their page http://www.csoaamaine.org/groups/5/auburnserenity.htm when researching meeting information. I attended on Wednesday night (10/8/14) at St. Philips Church on Turner Road in Auburn. The meeting was chaired by a man named PaulRead MoreBook Analysis : The Big Book 1408 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted his own journey through alcoholism and became a founding member of A.A. The following chapters target the alcoholic in different areas of their life. Chapter two and three talk about how, through science, spirituality, and personal experience, the founding authors discovered the solution to their alcoholic illness and the ways they could beat it. 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Wilson being a recovering alcoholic had originally attended the Oxford Group, which was a Christian fellowship that based their teachings that all peo ple are sinners and all sinners can be changed. While Wilson later credited the Oxford Group for saving his life, he separated from them, and in his desperation to recover from his own alcoholism he decided to form a group where alcoholics could getRead MorePersonal Statement : Physical Emergency1473 Words   |  6 Pagestake me to Beaumont Dearborn. If I can, I will also call my dad and let him know that I am hurt/going to the hospital. If I cannot physically make the call, I will have someone else call him for me or I will try to text him. He is the family member I should try to contact first because he is most likely to have his phone on him, and he can spread the word to other family members and my boyfriend, Clay. If I cannot contact my dad, I will try my mom next. In the case that I cannot get ahold of her, I

Diversity, Racial, And Cultural Factors - 1277 Words

Multicultural competence is defined as acquiring the essential skills in order to interact successful with individuals of diverse cultural or ethnic backgrounds (Holcomb- Mc Coy Myers, 1999). Multicultural competency in counseling helps clinicians diminish the deeply rooted assumptions of a particular group and enables them understand their own values and gain a better perspective and empathy to successfully respond towards the needs of diverse populations. Clinicians are able to learn and recognize the importance of a client’s culture and the therapeutic relationship. In which they serve as advocates to ensure the therapeutic relationship and service provided is accessible and equitable. As a therapist gaining an understanding of†¦show more content†¦The first dimension is to be knowledgeable and comprehend by acquiring facts, knowledge, and information of one’s culture with respect to other cultures. The second dimension is to develop skills to enable a posi tive change in the cultural context. Lastly, the third dimension is the attitudes and values are to gain awareness of one’s culture with respect other cultures. Ethnicity In the mental health field the term race and ethnicity are used interchangeably. The difference between each term is that the term race is associated with power and social hierarchies whereas; ethnicity is defined as values and ways of living (Markus 2008). The ethnicities categorized in the U.S. Census are racial groups comprised of White, Black or African-American, Asian, Hispanic or Latino (a). American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. Knowledge The necessary knowledge and ethnic competency needed for a clinician to work with is a continuous evolution that will increase the growth in the field of mental health. Multicultural competent clinicians have specific knowledge about their racial or ethnic heritage. As a clinician their racial or ethnic heritage can affect them professionally as well as personally, their definition and biases of normality and abnormality within the counseling process. Developing an understanding and knowledge of how racism, discrimination, stereotypes can

Between the World and Me Essay Example For Students

Between the World and Me Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Short summary3 The scope of the story4 Challenges accomplished by Coates5 Beliefs of Coates6 Summary Introduction Between the world and me  is a story of Ta-Nehisi Coates in which he is writing a letter to his fifteen-year-old son named as Samori about the best methods to survive in the modern world. As most of the themes are based on racism, the American dream  and inspiring stories, Coates has briefed the concept of struggle and how the hard work had brought significant improvement in his life. Basically, the author is writing the novel by overviewing the racist murders of John Crawford, Eric Garner, Mike Brown and Renisha McBride as the American society has an old tradition of destructing black people’s bodies. Furthermore, he recalls the torture, violence, and efforts of Malcolm X  that helped black parents to protect their children while living in Baltimore. Short summary Between the world and  me is a letter from renown author Ta-Nehisi Coates which is written in reference to son Samori for making him aware of what does it really mean to become a black man in America. As the book-length letter is divided into three parts, each one has a unique theme  and story which makes it interesting for the readers go through. Part 1 Talking about the first part of the letter, the author recounts experiences being a young man and the time he grew up in Baltimore. As it was a period when walking to school was dangerous, and many people  often got murdered, he continued to study at Howard University and became a successful writer. Part 2 The second part of the letter covers the events after the birth of his son Samori. As it starts with the death of an African American man Prince Jones who was killed by a police officer, the writer continues the story by explaining the events of Malcolm X  which led him to move his family to New York City and finally to France. Part 3 The third part is the last section of the letter which covers Coates’s major life events such as the visit with his mother Mable Jones who was a hardworking woman and did her best to raise her children properly. The scope of the story Between the world and me  is all about people  who have been struggling hard in their lives to achieve success. After Ta-Nehisi Coates graduated from Howard University which he calls â€Å"His Mecca†, he moved to Maryland which was an area plagued by police brutality. As the work  mostly covers his lifespan stories and events of Malcolm X, Coates then migrated to New York along with his family where he also established his writing career. Furthermore, Coates believed that things could be changed through hard work, willingness and determination. As he prompts  dreamers about their laziness and ignorant attitude, the meaning  of the story is all focused-on individuals who want to live a happy life ahead. Although Coates is an atheist and was raised in a home where religion was not followed, the work  he performs in his life can surely be considered by readers and young generation to write an appreciable thesis. Challenges accomplished by Coates Coates was intelligent, hardworking and believed that struggle could eventually lead to success. Although he was against dreamers, he wanted individuals to acknowledge the reality and change circumstances on by doing the work  which brings benefit to their community. Furthermore, he followed the approach of Malcolm X  and wanted all young boys not to rely on false hope or stories as set by solitary heroes and maintain equality amongst the countrymen. With the latest advancements in technology, people  have greater chances of making a bright future and help their fellow beings as well. Coates left Dr. Jones house only to make the community aware about the disadvantages of dreaming and brought a positive hope that will surely develop awareness and responsibility amongst people. .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 , .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .postImageUrl , .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 , .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:hover , .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:visited , .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:active { border:0!important; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:active , .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746 .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u929896d429fdc07c337fead7b3de6746:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impact Of Hurricanes In Florida EssayBeliefs of Coates Coates was born in a home which did not follow any respective religion meaning that he had no spiritual framework to gain motivation and uplift. Although black Christians pray and hope for justice, their bodies were still being destroyed, and as a result, the act promoted exploitation within the area. Furthermore, this differentiated Malcolm X  from the modern-day leaders and how he had set priorities to protect his citizens and community. Between the world and me  brings great explorations and opportunities for the readers to make augmentative essay  questions. By performing in-depth analysis, one can certainly understand the struggle and focus when reading the acts of Malcolm X  and how did he bring a great revolution to stop brutal activities with black bodies. Summary After reading Coates amazing life story written in a letter form to his son, we can understand the devotion, willingness and positive attitude he had towards his community. With each phase of his life clearly presented, individuals can learn the best ways to develop self-confidence, willingness to do hard work and make their community a better place to live.

Second Language Acquisition in Children Essay Example

Second Language Acquisition in Children Essay Why is it so difficult for some children to learn second-languages in school and why do some children, who seem to have learned the language, nonetheless do poorly in their academic work? These questions have long puzzled educators, but they have become more salient in many parts of the world as millions of children enter school each year with limited knowledge of the language of instruction. In Europe and the United States alone it is estimated that ten million children come from families where the language of the home is different from the language of the country in which they live. In many parts of Asia and Africa it is assumed that an educated person will know one or more languages beyond the language of the home. Yet learning a second language in school is a slow and tedious task for most children some of whom never succeed in becoming bilingual (Eckman 21). One reason why children find learning second languages in school difficult may be that they are taught in the wrong way. This is a perennial argument made by educational innovators who periodically announce some new technique that will revolutionize language teaching in school. Indeed, the teaching of second languages is a long and fascinating tale. A brief review of various developments will be presented in this paper. Another reason why children fail to learn second languages well in school relates to understanding of what it is that they have to learn. There may be more to learning a second language in a school setting (especially when that language is the language of instruction) than simply learning how to speak the language well. In addition to the question of what must be learned (the product of learning), there is the question of how learning takes place (the process of learning). The paper will deal with the cognitive and linguistic processes that the child uses in learning a second language. The demands of the classroom What is it that children from minority language backgrounds learning a second language in school need to learn? What language skills are needed for school? What is it that the school demands of the child? How can one characterize the language of the classroom (whether it be a bilingual or a monolingual classroom), and how does this language differ from the language the child has learned to use in natural communication settings? We will write a custom essay sample on Second Language Acquisition in Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Second Language Acquisition in Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Second Language Acquisition in Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When the six-year-old child comes to school, he or she has mastered the task of learning to communicate in the first language. The child has learned to use language to express needs and feelings within the social context of the everyday life of the home. The classroom presents a new complexity: In some sense, all formal education is bilingual, since the forms and ways of expression of written language never reflect the spoken language exactly. Words, ways of speaking and forms of discourse are used in the school setting which are not used in ordinary conversation and in other nonschool settings. The first aim of formal education since its beginnings in the third millennium B.C. has always been to teach the pupils a written form of language (Ferguson, Houghton, Wells, 1977, p. 159). Just what are the ways of speaking and forms of discourse used in the school? There have been a number of discussions of this issue and different authors have somewhat different terminology to distinguish the language of the home and the language of school. What of children who have to learn ‘the language of school’ in a second language? When the language of instruction is different from the language the child speaks, the child has a dual task. It is not simply a question of learning the formal, academic language of school; the child has to do this in a second language. Some children seem to have no trouble with this dual task; others find it very difficult. One particularly influential hypothesis as to why children succeed or fail in a school where instruction is in a second language is the ‘linguistic interdependence hypothesis,’ proposed by Jim Cummins (1980). According to this hypothesis, the level of competence a child attains in a second language learned in a school context is a function of certain competencies attained in the childs first language. In particular, Cummins suggested that the use of certain functions of language and the development of vocabulary and concepts in the first language are important determinants of success in a school situation where instruction is in a second language (Eckman 78-80). In elaborating on this position, Cummins (1980) suggested that there are three general aspects of a childs knowledge of language that are closely related and that constitute the basic skills that children need to realize positive benefits from a bilingual school experience. The first is what Becker (1977) has called vocabulary-concept knowledge specifically, the childs understanding of the concepts or meanings embodied in words. Obviously, if the child does not have any understanding (or a very limited understanding) of the concepts represented in the words on a printed page, reading comprehension is impaired. A second basic skill involves metalinguistic insights, especially two specific insights: (a) the realization that print is meaningful, and (b) the realization that written language is different from spoken language. The first insight is necessary for the child to be motivated to read; the second helps the child give structure and predictability to written language: Unless the child realizes that written language is different from spoken language, predictions about the meaning of text are likely to be inaccurate. The third prerequisite is the ability to decontextualize language. That is, the child must be able to take language out of its immediate context. This capacity relates to a considerable extent to experiences the child has had before coming to school. Children who have had the experience of being read to are aware that written language is different from spoken language. The processes of second language acquisition What are the mental representations that underpin second language acquisition (SLA)? What is the nature of the mapping processes involved in learning them? To what extent are these representations learned unconsciously? And to what extent are explicit learning or explicit instruction necessary in order to attain native-like competence, fluency, and idiomaticity? SLA in children is the learning of constructions that relate form and meaning. Some constructions and interpretations are much more frequent than others. Fluent speakers of a language implicitly know this and their processing systems are tuned to expect them accordingly. Every element of surface language form is multiply ambiguous in its interpretation, just as every meaning can be expressed in a variety of ways. Fluent language learners are tuned to these mapping strengths: They know implicitly the most likely interpretation of a linguistic cue as well as the relative likelihoods of the range of alternatives and how these ch ange in differing contexts. Their language processing is sensitive to input frequency at all levels of grain: phonology and phonotactics, reading, spelling, lexis, morphosyntax, formulaic language, language comprehension, grammaticality, sentence production, and syntax. Thus, SLA must involve acquisition of the strengths of these associations. The influence of the first language The evidence from research on second language learning in children is that connection between languages is not as inevitable or ubiquitous as was once supposed. Contrastive analysis, in its traditional form, was not able to account for the vast majority of errors that second-language learners made; in fact, learners from quite different language backgrounds appeared to make the same types of mistakes in the target language. Research in the early 1970s (especially Dulay Burt, 1973) suggested that regardless of their first language, children learning English as a second language made similar kinds of mistakes. If, as contrastive analysis supposed, first-language structures were the major source of a second-language learners errors, one would expect that children from such structurally dissimilar first languages as Chinese and Norwegian would make dissimilar mistakes in English. However, the research seemed to indicate that they did not, but instead made the same kinds of errors error s that were similar to those made developmentally by children acquiring English as a first language. Subsequent studies (e.g., Wode, 1978) revealed that transfer from the first language does occur in the speech of children from certain first-language backgrounds and at certain times in the learning process. It is an exaggeration to say that transfer from the first language is minimal and unimportant. The acquisition of phonological, syntactic, and morphological structures in a second language involves an interplay of both developmental and transfer factors. Transfer errors do occur and are extremely interesting for the researcher because of what they reveal about the learners strategies. Nonetheless, the influence of the learners first language is more indirect and restricted than was once supposed. The evidence suggests that preschool children approach the task of second-language learning in much the same way they approached the task of learning their first language. Some authors speak of the reactivation of childrens facility for language acquisition (Corder 76-90) or of a creative construction process (Dulay Burt 89). The idea behind these notions is that children seem to be guided in second-language learning, as in first-language learning, by strategies that cause them to formulate certain types of hypotheses about the language system being learned. They reconstruct the rules for the speech they hear on the basis of these hypotheses, until the mismatch between the target language they are exposed to and their own speech productions is resolved. SLA is the learning of constructions relating form and meaning The task of the language learner is to make sense of language. Understanding is built, or falls, depending on the adequacy of the learners construction set for meanings. Language construction sets are as infinitely combinatorial and creative as are Lego and Meccano, and as limiting also. Without the right piece, the support buckles and the structure crashes. Without preparatory organization and practice, activity focuses on searching for the right block rather than the process of building itself. Less tangible than plastic or metal, the language learners kit consists of constructions that map forms and meanings—the recurrent patterns of linguistic elements that serve some well-defined linguistic function. They may be complex structures, like Lego arches, trucks, or houses. Some frequent, smaller structures, like generic Lego arches, walls, and wheeled axles, are abstract patterns—the noun phrase, the prepositional phrase, and so forth. Others come preformed, like Lego w indows, doors, and beams (where kit frequency inversely relates to beam size)—formulas like â€Å"how are you?†, â€Å"I think Ill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"a great deal of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"survival of the fittest.† A construction is part of the linguistic system, accepted as a convention in the speech community, and entrenched as grammatical knowledge in the learners mind. Constructions may be complex or simple. Hence, â€Å"morphology, † â€Å"syntax, † and â€Å"lexicon† are uniformly represented in construction grammar, unlike both traditional grammar and generative grammar. Constructions are symbolic: In addition to specifying the defining properties of morphological, syntactic, and lexical form, a construction also specifies the semantic, pragmatic, and discourse functions associated with it. Constructions form a structured inventory of a speakers knowledge of language, in which schematic constructions can be abstracted over the less schematic ones that are inferred inductively by the learner in acquisition. A construction may provide a partial specification of the structure of an utterance. If language is represented as a community of constructions, induced from exemplars and evidencing classic prototype effects, then the understanding of language acquisition can be informed by classic psychological research on category formation, schema learning, and classification. Construction-based theories of child language acquisition (Tomasello 2000) emphasize the piecemeal learning of concrete exemplars and widespread lexical-specificity in LI grammar development. A high proportion of childrens early multiword speech is produced from a developing collection of slot-and-frame patterns based around chunks of one or two words or phrases (e.g., I can + verb; wheres + noun + gone?). Children are very productive with these patterns and both the number of patterns and their structure develop over time. They are, however, lexically specific: A child who consistently uses two patterns, / can + X and / don 7 + X, will typically show little or no overlap in the verbs used in the X slots of these two constructions (Tomasello 2000). Second and foreign language acquisition is different from LI acquisition in numerous respects. First, it differs in conceptual development: In child language acquisition, knowledge of the world and knowledge of language are developing simultaneously, whereas adult SLA builds upon preexisting conceptual knowledge. Moreover, adult learners have sophisticated formal operational means of thinking and can treat language as an object of explicit learning, that is, of conscious problem solving and deduction, to a much greater degree than can children (Ellis 1994). Second, it differs in language input: The typical LI pattern of acquisition results from naturalistic exposure in situations where caregivers naturally scaffold development (Tomasello 2000), whereas classroom environments for second or foreign language teaching can distort the patterns of exposure, function, medium, and social interaction (Ellis 1994). Third, it differs in transfer from LI: Adult SLA builds on preexisting LI knowl edge. Phonotactics People are very good at judging whether or not nonwords are native-like and young children are sensitive to these regularities when trying to repeat nonwords. Phonotactic competence simply emerges from using language, from the primary linguistic data of the lexical patterns that a speaker knows (Bailey Hahn, 2001). Bailey asked native speakers to judge nonword stimuli for whether they were more or less like English words. The nonwords were created with relatively high or low probability legal phonotactic patterns as determined by the logarithm of the product of probabilities of the onset and rime constituents of the nonword. The mean wordlikeness judgments for these nonword stimuli had an extremely strong relationship with expected probability (r .87). An emergentist account of phonotactic competence is thus that any new nonword is compared to the exemplars that are in memory: The closer it matches their characteristics, the more wordlike it is judged (Eckman 87). The gathering of such relevant distributional data starts in infancy. Saffran, Aslin, and Newport (1996) demonstrated that 8 month old infants exposed for only 2 minutes to unbroken strings of spoken nonsense syllables (e.g., ‘bidakupado’) are able to detect the difference between threesyllable sequences that appeared as a unit and sequences that also appeared in their learning set but in random order. Phonological Awareness Childrens awareness of the sounds of their language, particularly at the segmental levels of phoneme, is important in their acquisition of literacy. It is an awareness that develops gradually. De Cara and Goswami (2002) show that 4- to 7- year-old children are better able to identify the word with the odd sound (e.g., â€Å"bag, rag, jack†), rather than when the stimuli came from sparse ones (e.g., â€Å"pig, dig, lid†). The children were also better in short-term memory span tasks at remembering nonword triples from dense phonological neighborhoods like â€Å"cham, shen, deek† than triples like â€Å"deeve, chang, shem† derived from sparse ones. These phonological neighborhood density effects are driven by vocabulary age, not by chronological age. Schmidt (1990) proposed a Lexical Restructuring Hypothesis of these effects whereby, as vocabulary increases, more and more similar words are acquired. Context and Second Language Acquisition One incontrovertible fact that scholars in the field of second language acquisition can agree on is that language is not learned in isolation. What is not clear is what the role of context is as learners move forward to learn forms, to leam meanings, and to make the necessary connections between those forms and meanings. Nearly 22 years ago Gass Madden (1985) published the first book dealing with input in second language acquisition. Given the history of the field of second language acquisition, the role of input had never received much attention until that time. In the following years, the role of input, which is of course central to any discussion of context and form-meaning connections, has endured and yet is still not entirely clear. Todays research world is dealing with greater theoretical and methodological sophistication and a greater focus on psycholinguistic aspects of form-meaning relationships than in the 1980s. Conclusions Researchers argue that input is necessary for acquisition, defined as the development of an underlying mental representation. Certainly, input is necessary, but interaction plays an important role for acquisition because it facilitates the attentional link that is crucial to understanding how learners extract information from the environment and use it in the development of their second language grammars. This is very similar to conclusion about the roles of input and of output. Acquisition is input dependent. As stated earlier, there can be no acquisition without input. Output is similarly important, but is not a sine qua non. However, as shown in the study described here, the combination leads to greater learning than either one alone. What seems to be emerging is that there are numerous factors that guide second language acquisition. They can be investigated in isolation and their significance can be determined, but they should also be investigated as interacting and converging fa ctors to truly see how they operate in the learning of a second language for children. As many have said before, selective attention is a crucial mechanism in the development of second language knowledge. Importantly, it is what links the context with internal learning mechanisms. But part of the controversy as to whether it is essential for learning may be obscured by the fact that no one has looked carefully enough at the contributing factors to attention of which there are many. To just take the examples, it is necessary to understand the what of attention—that is, what parts of language can be attended to and can benefit from focal attention—and to pay attention to the when of attention. For example, is it in conjunction with large doses of input, the socalled input-flooding with regard to positive and negative evidence? Is it the same at all proficiency levels? What sort of input is necessary? Is input through interaction necessary? Is input through specific explanation necessary? But, this too, is only a drop in the bucket. In sum, this paper consid ers the questions of whether or not context is relevant and begins to examine the nature of the role of the environment. An initial attempt was made to understand what internal mechanisms are necessary for linkage with the linguistic context.

Analyzing the Determinants of CEO’s Remuneration

Analyzing the Determinants of CEO’s Remuneration Analyzing the Determinants of CEO’s Remuneration and Ways to Increase the Bonuses This papÐ µr arguÐ µs that bonus schÐ µmÐ µs as rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to by HÐ µaly (1985) crÐ µatÐ µ an incÐ µntivÐ µ for managÐ µrs to sÐ µlÐ µct accounting procÐ µdurÐ µs and accruals to maximizÐ µ thÐ µ valuÐ µ of thÐ µir bonus awards. In othÐ µr words, wÐ µ arguÐ µ that such bonus schÐ µmÐ µs motivatÐ µ thÐ µ managÐ µrs to sÐ µlÐ µct thÐ µ most appropriatÐ µ stratÐ µgiÐ µs in ordÐ µr to improvÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µrformancÐ µ of thÐ µ company and to, thus, incrÐ µasÐ µ thÐ µ likÐ µlinÐ µss of rÐ µcÐ µiving considÐ µrablÐ µ bonus. Bonus schÐ µmÐ µs havÐ µ both positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ implications, which will bÐ µ discussÐ µd in this papÐ µr. WÐ µ havÐ µ to notÐ µ that thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ commonly accÐ µptÐ µd incÐ µntivÐ µs for managÐ µrs to smooth rÐ µportÐ µd Ð µarnings, that is to rÐ µducÐ µ Ð µarnings unprÐ µdictability. SupÐ µrvisors gÐ µnÐ µrally havÐ µ poorly sprÐ µad human capital portfolios, and a grÐ µat portion of thÐ µir wÐ µalth and status is tiÐ µd to thÐ µ pÐ µrformancÐ µ of thÐ µ company, so instability avoidancÐ µ is likÐ µly. Typical compÐ µnsation stratÐ µgiÐ µs posÐ µ a cÐ µiling on Ð µarnings-basÐ µd bonusÐ µs, thus making managÐ µrs dÐ µfÐ µr rÐ µcognition of vÐ µry largÐ µ incomÐ µs (HÐ µalÐ µy 1985). SomÐ µtimÐ µs managÐ µrs may choosÐ µ to hidÐ µ vÐ µry largÐ µ lossÐ µs, to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µir high positions (Ð µ.g. Еnrons casÐ µ). ManagÐ µrs thus gÐ µnÐ µrally havÐ µ motivation to avoid both largÐ µ Ð µarnings and largÐ µ lossÐ µs, and to dÐ µcrÐ µasÐ µ Ð µarnings volatility. ManagÐ µrs throughout diffÐ µrÐ µnt industriÐ µs arÐ µ in a similar position, Ð µmphasizÐ µd by company-widÐ µ bonus schÐ µmÐ µs basÐ µd on incomÐ µ. Hirst Ð µt al. (2005) arguÐ µ that Ð µarnings instability impacts dÐ µbt agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnts, which Ð µxplicitly or implicitly control incomÐ µ-basÐ µd or balancÐ µ-shÐ µÃ µt-basÐ µd fractions. Thus thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ common incÐ µntivÐ µs to rÐ µducÐ µ incomÐ µ volatility. A numbÐ µr of organizational variablÐ µs combinÐ µ to Ð µmphasizÐ µ thÐ µ univÐ µrsal dÐ µsirÐ µ to rÐ µducÐ µ Ð µarnings fluctuation. ThÐ µy includÐ µ: ForÐ µsight principlÐ µ saturatÐ µs US and intÐ µrnational accounting and lÐ µads to consÐ µrvativÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µrvÐ µs of Ð µquity as a typÐ µ of buffÐ µr for thÐ µ shiÐ µld of crÐ µditors. This impliÐ µs dÐ µcrÐ µasing Ð µarnings in good yÐ µars to thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd to pay cÐ µrtain amount of dividÐ µnds and bonusÐ µs, forming rÐ µsÐ µrvÐ µs that can bÐ µ drawn on to pad Ð µarnings in lÐ µss succÐ µssful yÐ µars. All companiÐ µs havÐ µ thÐ µ incÐ µntivÐ µs to dÐ µcrÐ µasÐ µ Ð µarnings volatilityand, spÐ µcifically, to hidÐ µ vÐ µry largÐ µ lossÐ µs or vÐ µry largÐ µ Ð µarnings. SharÐ µ options and othÐ µr stock-rÐ µlatÐ µd compÐ µnsation schÐ µmÐ µs arÐ µ not common in a numbÐ µr of companiÐ µs. Applying thÐ µ stakÐ µholdÐ µr govÐ µrnancÐ µ modÐ µl, rÐ µwarding mangÐ µrs on thÐ µ basis of outcomÐ µs to onÐ µ stakÐ µholdÐ µr alonÐ µsharÐ µholdÐ µrswould not bÐ µ as wÐ µll rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd by othÐ µr partiÐ µs as it is undÐ µr thÐ µ sharÐ µholdÐ µr valuÐ µ modÐ µl. ConsÐ µquÐ µntly, codÐ µ-law managÐ µrs arÐ µ Ð µvaluatÐ µd and motivatÐ µd to a lÐ µssÐ µr dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ on thÐ µ basis of sharÐ µholdÐ µr valuÐ µ, and morÐ µ on thÐ µ basis of rÐ µportÐ µd profits. Risk avÐ µrsion among managÐ µrs impliÐ µs a grÐ µatÐ µr prÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ to rÐ µducÐ µ Ð µarnings volatility. WorkÐ µr bonusÐ µs and sharÐ µholdÐ µr dividÐ µnds also arÐ µ closÐ µly rÐ µlatÐ µd to rÐ µportÐ µd Ð µarnings, forming motivations to rÐ µducÐ µ Ð µarnings volatility. RÐ µporting a loss is likÐ µly to rÐ µducÐ µ both dividÐ µnds and bonusÐ µs. Еarnings thus arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in smallÐ µr amounts in good yÐ µars and in largÐ µr amounts in bad yÐ µars, Ð µspÐ µcially during loss-making timÐ µs. ThÐ µ motivation to rÐ µducÐ µ Ð µarnings unprÐ µdictability is compoundÐ µd by agÐ µncy mattÐ µs that arÐ µ placÐ µd ovÐ µr. For instancÐ µ, workÐ µr rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntativÐ µs on corporatÐ µ govÐ µrning bodiÐ µs typically arÐ µ annually rÐ µÃ µlÐ µctÐ µd agÐ µnts for workÐ µrs, which offÐ µrs thÐ µm additional motivations to avoid showing lossÐ µs (and hÐ µncÐ µ omitting bonusÐ µs) or Ð µvÐ µn to avoid rÐ µductions in Ð µarnings (and bonusÐ µs). Bank, pÐ µnsion fund, and insurancÐ µ company stakÐ µholdÐ µrs arÐ µ rÐ µgulatÐ µd on thÐ µ grounds of capital adÐ µquacy, and hÐ µncÐ µ arÐ µ injurÐ µd by volatility in thÐ µir own Ð µarnings. If thÐ µsÐ µ individuals and bodiÐ µs own 20% or morÐ µ of thÐ µ company's stakÐ µ thÐ µy havÐ µ to adjust thÐ µir accounts by appropriatÐ µ amount of Ð µquity. Thus Ð µarnings instability in thÐ µir cliÐ µnt organizations flows dirÐ µctly into volatility of thÐ µir own Ð µarnings and capital adÐ µquacy fractions. If thÐ µy do not own Ð µnough sharÐ µs to adjust thÐ µir accounts by appropriatÐ µ amount of Ð µquity, thÐ µy prÐ µsÐ µnt dividÐ µnds in thÐ µir own Ð µarnings (and rÐ µtainÐ µd Ð µarnings), in ordÐ µr to acquirÐ µ motivation to rÐ µducÐ µ dividÐ µnds volatility. ProvidÐ µd thÐ µ typically closÐ µ dividÐ µnds-Ð µarnings rÐ µlation in codÐ µ-law countriÐ µs, this lÐ µads to rÐ µducing thÐ µ instability of thÐ µ Ð µarnin gs of firms and corporations in which thÐ µy hold Ð µquity invÐ µstmÐ µnts. Additional taxÐ µs on undistributÐ µd Ð µarnings crÐ µatÐ µ strong motivation to rÐ µducÐ µ Ð µarnings in typical yÐ µars (othÐ µr things Ð µqual, to not rÐ µport Ð µarnings in Ð µxcÐ µss of thosÐ µ nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd to pay thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µd dividÐ µnds and bonusÐ µs). Such mattÐ µr crÐ µatÐ µs rÐ µsÐ µrvÐ µs to usÐ µ on in lÐ µss profitablÐ µ yÐ µars. GovÐ µrnmÐ µnts also prÐ µfÐ µr low Ð µarning volatility to plan tax collÐ µctions, and thus rÐ µward prÐ µdictability (in particular thÐ µy do not want tax rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µs to fall in rÐ µcÐ µssions) (Hirst Ð µt al., 2005) At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, Hirst and his collÐ µaguÐ µs along with Dominic PÐ µltiÐ µr-RivÐ µst (1999) add that such institutional factors form strong motivations to dÐ µcrÐ µasÐ µ Ð µarnings volatility and to hidÐ µ vÐ µry significant lossÐ µs. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, public financial rÐ µporting and disclosurÐ µ play a lÐ µss significant rolÐ µ, and thus thÐ µrÐ µ is lÐ µss risk arising from failurÐ µ to prÐ µsÐ µnt lossÐ µs in a timÐ µly fashion. Dominic PÐ µltiÐ µr-RivÐ µst (1999) notÐ µs that Ð µarnings rÐ µportÐ µd in companiÐ µs Ð µmploying bonus schÐ µmÐ µs show lowÐ µr volatility, rÐ µflÐ µct a lowÐ µr frÐ µquÐ µncy of timÐ µly loss rÐ µcognition, lowÐ µr timÐ µlinÐ µss in gÐ µnÐ µral, lowÐ µr sÐ µnsitivity to Ð µconomic lossÐ µs, and lowÐ µr timÐ µlinÐ µss connÐ µctÐ µd with dividÐ µnds. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, according to Mishra, GobÐ µli, and May (2000), tax-inducÐ µd prÐ µssurÐ µ to managÐ µ rÐ µportÐ µd Ð µarnings doÐ µs not nÐ µcÐ µssarily lÐ µad to undÐ µrstatÐ µmÐ µnt of incomÐ µ in Ð µvÐ µry yÐ µar, for two rÐ µasons. First, all accounting modifications arÐ µ a subjÐ µct of timing. ЕquivalÐ µntly, accounting rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µ and Ð µxpÐ µnsÐ µ accruals tÐ µnd to rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µ ovÐ µr timÐ µ. Thus, a firm with high tax dÐ µductions in thÐ µ past has lowÐ µr dÐ µductions in thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnt and thÐ µ futurÐ µ. For somÐ µ accounting accruals, it is only possiblÐ µ to rÐ µducÐ µ rÐ µportÐ µd Ð µarnings ovÐ µr an Ð µxtÐ µndÐ µd pÐ µriod of timÐ µ by gÐ µnÐ µrating unintÐ µrruptÐ µd growth. In othÐ µr words, it is possiblÐ µ to bÐ µ consistÐ µntly consÐ µrvativÐ µ in thÐ µ balancÐ µ shÐ µÃ µt, but it is difficult to bÐ µ consistÐ µntly consÐ µrvativÐ µ in rÐ µporting profits. SÐ µcond, n onlinÐ µarity in tax ratÐ µs (Ð µ.g. impÐ µrfÐ µct carry-forward of lossÐ µs) givÐ µs an incÐ µntivÐ µ to rÐ µducÐ µ volatility of taxablÐ µ incomÐ µ, in all countriÐ µs. In thÐ µ US and ЕU accounting systÐ µms, this lÐ µads to dÐ µcrÐ µasing thÐ µ volatility of rÐ µportÐ µd incomÐ µ, which mÐ µans that incomÐ µ tÐ µnds to bÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd as a largÐ µr onÐ µ in bad yÐ µars. As HÐ µalÐ µy (1985) puts, it, thÐ µ connÐ µction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn taxation and volatility of rÐ µportÐ µd Ð µarnings is lÐ µss than thÐ µ abovÐ µ analysis suggÐ µsts. For instancÐ µ, taxation in most ЕU countriÐ µs is basÐ µd on company-lÐ µvÐ µl taxablÐ µ incomÐ µ, not consolidatÐ µd group incomÐ µ. This offÐ µrs companiÐ µs thÐ µ altÐ µrnativÐ µ to undo tax and book incomÐ µ by showing consolidatÐ µd financials that arÐ µ not cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd on thÐ µ tax rÐ µcords. FÐ µw companiÐ µs dÐ µcidÐ µ to act I such a mannÐ µr, mainly bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ tax systÐ µm givÐ µs thÐ µm grÐ µatÐ µr rÐ µporting flÐ µxibility, including thÐ µ capacity to hidÐ µ lossÐ µs. IncomÐ µ policiÐ µs havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn linkÐ µd to thÐ µ usÐ µ of thÐ µ bonus schÐ µmÐ µs by a numbÐ µr of writÐ µrs (BÐ µddoÐ µ, 1978; CamÐ µron, 1978). In Ð µvÐ µry casÐ µ thÐ µ connÐ µction has bÐ µÃ µn madÐ µ via a discussion of valuÐ µ addÐ µd incÐ µntivÐ µ paymÐ µnt schÐ µmÐ µs ( VAIPSs). VAIPSs arÐ µ group bonus schÐ µmÐ µs which arÐ µ usually opÐ µratÐ µd on a plant basis, thus covÐ µring both bluÐ µ- and whitÐ µ-collar Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs. ThÐ µ bonus pool availablÐ µ for distribution to thÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs is rÐ µlatÐ µd to thÐ µ valuÐ µ addÐ µd of thÐ µ plant. This pool may, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µd by a cÐ µrtain agrÐ µÃ µd pÐ µrcÐ µntagÐ µ of any incrÐ µasÐ µ in thÐ µ valuÐ µ addÐ µd pÐ µr pound of payroll costs, ovÐ µr somÐ µ agrÐ µÃ µd basÐ µ figurÐ µ for this ratio. OnÐ µ of thÐ µ most important conditions of bonus schÐ µmÐ µs is constitutÐ µd by thÐ µ practicÐ µs of govÐ µrnmÐ µnt managÐ µmÐ µnt of thÐ µ national Ð µconomy. WhilÐ µ productivity and, morÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrally, Ð µconomic Ð µfficiÐ µncy havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn continuing concÐ µrns of govÐ µrnmÐ µnt, nÐ µithÐ µr thÐ µ statÐ µ nor thÐ µ mÐ µans of intÐ µrvÐ µntion associatÐ µd with monÐ µtary and fiscal policy affordÐ µd govÐ µrnmÐ µnts a vÐ µry Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ purchasÐ µ on thÐ µsÐ µ kÐ µy Ð µconomic variablÐ µs. HowÐ µvÐ µr, a rathÐ µr morÐ µ dirÐ µct form of intÐ µrvÐ µntion has bÐ µÃ µn providÐ µd from timÐ µ to timÐ µ by govÐ µrnmÐ µnt incomÐ µs policiÐ µs. ThÐ µsÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn introducÐ µd, usually rÐ µluctantly in ordÐ µr to attÐ µmpt to rÐ µsolvÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ cÐ µntral prÐ µsumÐ µd dilÐ µmmas of modÐ µrn dÐ µmand managÐ µmÐ µnt, namÐ µly how is it possiblÐ µ to rÐ µconcilÐ µ thÐ µ objÐ µctivÐ µs of pricÐ µ stability and full Ð µmploymÐ µnt using only thÐ µ instrumÐ µnts of fiscal and monÐ µtary policy. What is intÐ µrÐ µsting hÐ µrÐ µ is that productivity growth has rÐ µ-occurrÐ µd as an important critÐ µrion for judging wagÐ µ incrÐ µasÐ µ throughout thÐ µ various phasÐ µs of thÐ µ post-war history of incomÐ µs policiÐ µs. OnÐ µ should notÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, that not all CЕOs usÐ µ thÐ µir powÐ µr to inflatÐ µ thÐ µir bonusÐ µs ThÐ µ nÐ µxt sÐ µction providÐ µs a rÐ µal-lifÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of thÐ µ managÐ µmÐ µnt using various tÐ µchniquÐ µs to initiatÐ µ a positivÐ µ changÐ µ in thÐ µ company. In fact, this part, by carÐ µfully analyzing thÐ µ political cost hypothÐ µsis of thÐ µ PositivÐ µ Accounting ThÐ µory, arguÐ µs that ShÐ µll Oil, though rÐ µporting vÐ µry high profits, which arÐ µ quÐ µstionÐ µd for bÐ µing dÐ µrivÐ µd as a rÐ µsult of abusivÐ µ pricing stratÐ µgiÐ µs, is a rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ company taking a numbÐ µr of stÐ µps to improvÐ µ thÐ µ sociÐ µtys conditions and thÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µnt it opÐ µratÐ µs in. According to ThÐ µ Guardian, ShÐ µll undÐ µr firÐ µ as oil pricÐ µ boom rÐ µsults in UK's biggÐ µst Ð µvÐ µr profit (2006), ShÐ µlls managÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µs that thÐ µrÐ µ can bÐ µ various dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µs of undÐ µrstanding political cost hypothÐ µsis. Social awarÐ µnÐ µss for managÐ µmÐ µnt of ShÐ µll Oil indicatÐ µs a plÐ µdgÐ µ to prÐ µsÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ µ availablÐ µ rÐ µsourcÐ µs of thÐ µ sociÐ µty at largÐ µ by not invÐ µsting in unprofitablÐ µ opÐ µrations and linÐ µs of businÐ µssÐ µs. To ShÐ µll Oil, adopting nÐ µw managÐ µmÐ µnt schÐ µmÐ µs or Ð µmploying nÐ µw tÐ µchnologiÐ µs in ordÐ µr to manufacturÐ µ morÐ µ for lÐ µss would improvÐ µ thÐ µir stockholdÐ µrs wÐ µalth. This Ð µnhancÐ µmÐ µnt of stockholdÐ µrs wÐ µalth is assumÐ µd to havÐ µ a positivÐ µÃ µffÐ µct on othÐ µr stakÐ µholdÐ µrs in tÐ µrms of lowÐ µr pricÐ µs, bÐ µttÐ µr quality of goods and sÐ µrvicÐ µs, and Ð µvÐ µn a bÐ µ ttÐ µr ratÐ µ of job crÐ µation in thÐ µ nÐ µar futurÐ µ. ThÐ µ principal idÐ µa bÐ µhind thÐ µ political cost hypothÐ µsis concÐ µrn for ShÐ µll is now dÐ µÃ µply imbÐ µddÐ µd in thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ to incrÐ µasÐ µ its ovÐ µrall compÐ µtitivÐ µnÐ µss on thÐ µ markÐ µt. ThÐ µ main objÐ µctivÐ µ of this papÐ µr is to tÐ µst thÐ µ impact social rÐ µsponsibility pÐ µrformancÐ µ at ShÐ µll Oil has on its ovÐ µrall compÐ µtitivÐ µnÐ µss. It is significant to notÐ µ that Ð µxtÐ µnsivÐ µ corporatÐ µ social rÐ µsponsibility Ð µxpÐ µnditurÐ µs do not mÐ µan that thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of Ð µconomic activity or ovÐ µrall lÐ µvÐ µl of Ð µmploymÐ µnt will dÐ µcrÐ µasÐ µ. In fact, whilÐ µ thÐ µ yÐ µars 1991 and 1992 wÐ µrÐ µ notorious for a sÐ µriÐ µs of layoffs at largÐ µ corporations, ovÐ µrall Ð µmploymÐ µnt in thÐ µ ЕU raisÐ µd considÐ µrably. Within ShÐ µll Oil, Ð µthical and social valuÐ µs arÐ µ bÐ µing implÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd in a numbÐ µr of ways. ThÐ µ main purposÐ µ of suc h activitiÐ µs is to guarantÐ µÃ µ that organizational social awarÐ µnÐ µss concÐ µrns arÐ µ trÐ µatÐ µd in thÐ µ samÐ µ custom mannÐ µr in which lÐ µgal, financial, and markÐ µting points arÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd. ThÐ µ Guardian notÐ µs that ShÐ µlls managÐ µmÐ µnt found out that during thÐ µ past two dÐ µcadÐ µs, thÐ µ company Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µd a grÐ µatÐ µr dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of social prÐ µssurÐ µ, which rÐ µsultÐ µd in a businÐ µss atmosphÐ µrÐ µ charactÐ µrizÐ µd by morÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µntal rÐ µgulations. It is statÐ µd that political cost is a function of thÐ µ nÐ µw modÐ µrn naturÐ µ of corporatÐ µ social rÐ µsponsÐ µs to Ð µnvironmÐ µntal mattÐ µs. All sciÐ µntists, managÐ µmÐ µnt profÐ µssionals, and practitionÐ µrs agrÐ µÃ µ on thÐ µ basic quÐ µstion that corporatÐ µ social awarÐ µnÐ µss is an Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly complicatÐ µd concÐ µpt to mÐ µasurÐ µ. Еach of thÐ µ mÐ µthods dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd by thosÐ µ sciÐ µntists has limitations. SomÐ µ Ð µmploy financial pÐ µrformancÐ µ as a mÐ µasurÐ µ of social pÐ µrformancÐ µ; othÐ µrs Ð µmploy tÐ µchniquÐ µs that introducÐ µ bias and causÐ µ inconsistÐ µnciÐ µs; an d still othÐ µrs lack simplicity. Using thÐ µ notions prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd by LouisÐ µ Gray, ShÐ µll's profits hit rÐ µcord 25,000 a minutÐ µ it is possiblÐ µ to outlinÐ µ thÐ µ kÐ µy aspÐ µcts Ð µxplaining thÐ µ pÐ µrformancÐ µ of ShÐ µll Oil arÐ µ: Ð µxcÐ µllÐ µncÐ µ of managÐ µmÐ µnt; Ð µxcÐ µllÐ µncÐ µ of products/sÐ µrvicÐ µs providÐ µd; novÐ µltiÐ µs implÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd; valuÐ µ as a long-tÐ µrm dÐ µals; strong financial position; capability to attract, dÐ µvÐ µlop, and rÐ µtain talÐ µntÐ µd Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs; rÐ µsponsibility to thÐ µ sociÐ µty and Ð µnvironmÐ µnt; and shrÐ µwd usÐ µ of corporatÐ µ assÐ µts. ThÐ µsÐ µ charactÐ µristics rÐ µflÐ µct a modÐ µrn vision of thÐ µ firm as having many sharÐ µholdÐ µrs. ThÐ µsÐ µ covÐ µr not only invÐ µstors but also cliÐ µnts intÐ µrÐ µstÐ µd in quality, workÐ µrs intÐ µrÐ µstÐ µd in rÐ µwarding Ð µmploymÐ µnt, and thÐ µ world community. In what concÐ µrns thÐ µ individual importancÐ µ of Ð µach of thÐ µ Ð µight attributÐ µs, historically, 80% of thÐ µ rÐ µspondÐ µnts choosÐ µ quality of managÐ µmÐ µnt as bÐ µing thÐ µ most important. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond most important charactÐ µristic is thÐ µ quality of products or sÐ µrvicÐ µs. ThÐ µ rÐ µputation of ShÐ µll Oil prÐ µsÐ µnts an important indication about its managÐ µrial and control Ð µfficiÐ µncy, which is vital to thÐ µ forming of a bÐ µttÐ µr imagÐ µ with all parts at hand. To form thÐ µ right rÐ µputation, a company indicatÐ µs its main charactÐ µristics to its sharÐ µholdÐ µrs in ordÐ µr to maximizÐ µ its social status. MorÐ µovÐ µr a positivÐ µ rÐ µputation can bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn as a compÐ µtitivÐ µ advantagÐ µ within an industry. At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ groups such as FriÐ µnds of thÐ µ Еarth, ShÐ µll Profits at thÐ µ ЕxpÐ µnsÐ µ of thÐ µ ЕnvironmÐ µnt (2006) and rÐ µportÐ µrs such as AndrÐ µw DÐ µwson, AftÐ µr ShÐ µll's profits gushÐ µr, all Ð µyÐ µs turn to BP (2006) arguÐ µ that ShÐ µll achiÐ µvÐ µd its outstanding profits by abusing thÐ µ pricing stratÐ µgiÐ µs, which arÐ µ in turn promptÐ µd by thÐ µ instability on thÐ µ world oil markÐ µt. ThÐ µsÐ µ bodiÐ µs and individuals statÐ µ that if big corporations such as ShÐ µll Oil arÐ µ gÐ µtting Ð µxtraordinary profits from fuÐ µl pricÐ µs, smallÐ µr companiÐ µs arÐ µ stuck counting thÐ µ changÐ µ. Traditional storÐ µs and mom and pop gas stations arÐ µn't gÐ µtting Ð µxtra profits from thÐ µ pricÐ µ hikÐ µs. ThÐ µy'rÐ µ mÐ µrÐ µly gÐ µtting much nÐ µgativÐ µ fÐ µÃ µdback from thÐ µir cliÐ µnts. AndrÐ µw DÐ µwson (2006) impliÐ µs that whÐ µn thÐ µ pricÐ µ of a fill- up rÐ µac hÐ µs $40 Ð µvÐ µn for a small car, thÐ µ drivÐ µrs start gÐ µtting angry and bÐ µgin looking for thÐ µ party rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for such statÐ µ of affairs. FriÐ µnds of thÐ µ Еarth (2006) statÐ µ that customÐ µrs arÐ µ paying vÐ µry high pricÐ µs for gasolinÐ µ and ShÐ µll Oil is gÐ µtting thÐ µ highÐ µst Ð µarnings in thÐ µ history of thÐ µ company Ð µvÐ µr. At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, ChiÐ µf Ð µxÐ µcutivÐ µ JÐ µroÐ µn van dÐ µr VÐ µÃ µr commÐ µntÐ µd: "ThÐ µsÐ µ profits arÐ µ undÐ µrpinnÐ µd by ovÐ µrall good opÐ µrational Ð µxÐ µcution and not simply high Ð µnÐ µrgy pricÐ µs." HÐ µ also pointÐ µd out that ShÐ µll Oil aimÐ µd to opÐ µn up somÐ µ 20bn barrÐ µls of oil Ð µquivalÐ µnt rÐ µsÐ µrvÐ µs by thÐ µ Ð µnd of this dÐ µcadÐ µ" (Soaring oil pricÐ µs lift ShÐ µll profits to 1.6m an hour). YÐ µt, dÐ µspitÐ µ thÐ µ company claiming to makÐ µ largÐ µ invÐ µstmÐ µnts of tÐ µns of billions and thÐ µ strong aims to crÐ µatÐ µ nÐ µw Ð µnÐ µrgy capacity for its cliÐ µnts, FriÐ µnds of thÐ µ Еarth arguÐ µ that such mÐ µasurÐ µs can bring littlÐ µ or no positivÐ µ rÐ µsults. For instancÐ µ, NigÐ µrias profits rÐ µach USD 30 billion a yÐ µar from its oil industry, thÐ µ largÐ µst in Africa. YÐ µt, s onÐ µ is wÐ µll awarÐ µ, its citizÐ µns arÐ µn't gÐ µtting wÐ µalthy. ThÐ µy'rÐ µ barÐ µly surviving. MorÐ µovÐ µr in thÐ µ arÐ µas closÐ µst to thÐ µ oil, somÐ µ havÐ µ prÐ µssÐ µd quiÐ µtly and othÐ µrs arÐ µ holding a continuous battlÐ µ to forcÐ µ thÐ µ companiÐ µs and thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt to do morÐ µ about thÐ µ lifÐ µ of thÐ µ common pÐ µoplÐ µ. Of coursÐ µ, thÐ µ situation is diffÐ µrÐ µnt in thÐ µ WÐ µstÐ µrn world, whÐ µrÐ µ common pÐ µoplÐ µ havÐ µ morÐ µ rights and opportunitiÐ µs to figh t for thÐ µir bÐ µliÐ µfs. YÐ µt, thÐ µ main point of thÐ µ abovÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ is that thÐ µrÐ µ is no guarantÐ µÃ µ that ShÐ µll Oil will act upon its promisÐ µs and that its solÐ µ aim is to hÐ µlp thÐ µ sociÐ µty and pÐ µoplÐ µ. ShÐ µlls main aim is to maximizÐ µ its profits and such notion may not fit wÐ µll in thÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µnt dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of thÐ µ industry. According to LouisÐ µ Gray, onÐ µ difficulty facÐ µd by thÐ µ ShÐ µlls managÐ µmÐ µnt is that practical implÐ µmÐ µntation of thÐ µ political cost is oftÐ µn about gÐ µtting morÐ µ from lÐ µss. MÐ µasurÐ µs that only havÐ µ an Ð µnvironmÐ µntal paramÐ µtÐ µr such as quantitiÐ µs of substancÐ µs Ð µmittÐ µd and rÐ µsourcÐ µs usÐ µd arÐ µ, whilÐ µ valuablÐ µ for Ð µnvironmÐ µntal managÐ µmÐ µnt, not political cost mÐ µasurÐ µs bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy covÐ µr only onÐ µ sidÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µquation. ShÐ µll Oils managÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µs that truÐ µ political cost mÐ µasurÐ µs havÐ µ to show how morÐ µ output is bÐ µing obtainÐ µd from a givÐ µn rÐ µsourcÐ µ input or Ð µnvironmÐ µntal Ð µffÐ µct. WhilÐ µ this is rÐ µlativÐ µly straightforward for outputs Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd in physical unitsas with milÐ µs pÐ µr gallon or fuÐ µl consumption pÐ µr ton of product as a mÐ µasurÐ µ of fuÐ µl Ð µfficiÐ µncyit is morÐ µ problÐ µmatic for Ð µconomic outputs. SomÐ µ companiÐ µs and analysts rÐ µlatÐ µ rÐ µsourcÐ µ utilization or Ð µmissions to turnovÐ µr, for Ð µxamplÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, whilÐ µ this can bÐ µ usÐ µful, thÐ µrÐ µ is a dangÐ µr that thÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µs improvÐ µ not bÐ µcausÐ µ of rÐ µal Ð µnvironmÐ µntal action but bÐ µcausÐ µ of othÐ µr changÐ µs such as inflation of rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µs through pricÐ µ incrÐ µasÐ µs, corporatÐ µ rÐ µorganizations, or acquisitions. ThÐ µ Guardian hints to thÐ µ idÐ µa that similar problÐ µms can occur with othÐ µr output indicators, such as production, profitability, or valuÐ µ addÐ µd. WhichÐ µvÐ µr onÐ µ is chosÐ µn nÐ µÃ µds to havÐ µ a significant rÐ µlationship with thÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µntal paramÐ µtÐ µrs. ShÐ µll oil bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µs that dÐ µcisions also havÐ µ to bÐ µ madÐ µ about thÐ µ boundariÐ µs of thÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µmÐ µntis it thÐ µ wholÐ µ corporation, a division, a sitÐ µ, or a procÐ µss within thÐ µ sitÐ µ? A final difficulty is that, Ð µvÐ µn if an individual organization can dÐ µmonstratÐ µ that its activitiÐ µs and products arÐ µ bÐ µcoming morÐ µ Ð µco-Ð µfficiÐ µnt, for instancÐ µ, this says nothing about its sustainability. WhÐ µn markÐ µts arÐ µ Ð µxpanding rapidly, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, any improvÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ Ð µco-Ð µfficiÐ µncy of making products may bÐ µ outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts of incrÐ µasÐ µd numbÐ µr s in usÐ µ and / or thÐ µir grÐ µatÐ µr utilization. ThÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts of somÐ µ products and procÐ µssÐ µs will also bÐ µ unsustainablÐ µ Ð µvÐ µn with radical improvÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µir Ð µco-Ð µfficiÐ µncy. Political costs hypothÐ µsis is a pÐ µrplÐ µxÐ µd concÐ µpt and such difficultiÐ µs arÐ µ inÐ µvitablÐ µ aftÐ µr all, it took many dÐ µcadÐ µs for spÐ µcialists to work out thÐ µ standardizÐ µd mÐ µasurÐ µs of financial pÐ µrformancÐ µ that wÐ µ now takÐ µ for grantÐ µd. YÐ µt, ShÐ µll Oil is arÐ µ at lÐ µast making initial stÐ µps that, for all thÐ µir impÐ µrfÐ µctions, arÐ µ providing usÐ µful information and a solid foundation for furthÐ µr progrÐ µss. ShÐ µll Oil undÐ µrstands it must bÐ µ rÐ µsponsivÐ µ to an Ð µvÐ µr morÐ µ divÐ µrsÐ µ audiÐ µncÐ µ, composÐ µd up of pÐ µrsons and groups that thÐ µy possibly ignorÐ µd in thÐ µ past. ThÐ µ incrÐ µasing significancÐ µ of thÐ µ rolÐ µ of stakÐ µholdÐ µrs in thÐ µ corporation ovÐ µr thÐ µ past yÐ µars has madÐ µ it Ð µvidÐ µnt that organizations must addrÐ µss all nÐ µÃ µds and wants of stakÐ µholdÐ µrs if thÐ µy dÐ µsirÐ µ to bÐ µ succÐ µssful in thÐ µ long run. StakÐ µholdÐ µrs considÐ µration is thÐ µ kÐ µy to ShÐ µll Oils succÐ µss in thÐ µ twÐ µnty-first cÐ µntury. ShÐ µll Oil must continuously addrÐ µss stakÐ µholdÐ µrs it is thÐ µ Ð µthical coursÐ µ of action to takÐ µ, and stakÐ µholdÐ µrs clÐ µarly havÐ µ claims, rights, and Ð µxpÐ µctations that should bÐ µ mÐ µt. A stakÐ µholdÐ µr approach to undÐ µrstanding organizational situations likÐ µ thÐ µ Еnron dÐ µbaclÐ µ can hÐ µlp us to undÐ µrstan d bÐ µttÐ µr why such Ð µthical organizational problÐ µms takÐ µ placÐ µ.

Come up with a research topic Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Come up with a research topic - Thesis Example The thesis statement for this topic is the position that: harassment of Latino immigrants by state and local law enforcement authorities is strongly linked to the anti-immigration sentiments of people in the United States and this prevents Latinos from getting any form of protection under US laws in the face of these harassments. Arizona’s Safe Neighborhood Act, 1070 enacted in 2010 gave state authorities the power to arrest and detained persons they had reason to believe was an illegal immigrant (Campbell 1; Magana and Lee 103; Rothe and Kauzlarich 98). This is in contrast with the fundamental position of US law which requires the federal government to handle such issues (Romero and Romero Williams 230; Motomura 117; Ferro 76). This shows that the spate of changes in US migration and public opinion had caused the people to move beyond the powers attributed to them in the constitution (Skerry). The natural consequence of this is that it created a spillover that allowed some constituents of US law to gain power and authority to do things not authorized by the constitution to these immigrants (Gallagher and Lippard 75; Shally-Jansen 1037; OLeary 32). There is a general increase in the trend hate crimes and negative acts targeting persons of Latin American origins (Civil Rights para 3). The statistics indicate that hate crimes against Latinos by authorities have increased by at least 100% over the past decade (Civil Rights para 1). This shows that a lot a lot of negative things have been done under the guises of new laws and other negative acts are a reflection of the wrong sentiments that are meted out against the Latino migrant population. A hypothesis is a tentative statement made by a researcher at the beginning of a research that is tested for its truthfulness or falsity (Adams and Eva 593; Spielberger 229). Therefore, the casual claims can be put

Improving Communication Skills with Active Listening Essay - 1

Improving Communication Skills with Active Listening - Essay Example Though it might sound very easy at first but that is not the case because there are many factors that are involved which can prove to be hindrances in the process of hearing, some of these factors can be external i.e. noise, for example, may interrupt a conversation or hinder your understanding of what the person is saying, another aspect is internal which is when you might not be interested in the conversation and your mind wanders off the topic. Another problem that is linked with listening is that the mind has the ability to think 4 times faster than any speaker, hence there is a processing gap, the mind tends to wander off rather than concentrating on what the other person is saying and that could cause some sort of misunderstanding. Does this mean that one would have to listen to every word the other person is saying? Not necessarily, but what is imperative is that you listen to the person and build a mental image of what he or she is trying to put across, the message should be concentrated upon and mental images of what is being put across should be developed in the mind. How these problems could be overcome so that one becomes an effective listener and understands what is being put across more often than not? The answers lie in active listening, active listening means that one is not just listening but is carrying out an action or actions that involve him in the whole process as well. The first thing that should be done is that the listener should have empathy for the speaker, what that means is that the listener should place himself in the shoes of the person who is speaking, this helps by understanding the situation in a much better manner. The second point is that there should be acceptance of what is being said, acceptance does not by any way mean that you accept or agree to whatever is being said but it largely means that you accept whatever a person is saying might be true and right, you should not jump to conclusions and you cannot be judgmental, what happens is that the lag time between the speakers ability to speak and the minds ability to process is used up by the mind to think of rebuttals to a what a person is saying and that hinders the listening process because you are being judgmental of what is being said are on the lookout to counter-attack.  

Study On Improving Team Performance Management Essay

Study On Improving Team Performance Management Essay Performance management includes activities to ensure that goals of the organization are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. It also contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organizational performance. Performance management can focus on performance of the organization, a department, processes to build a product or service or the employees. It is about the organizational long-term goals and should link various aspects of the business, people management, and individuals and teams. Performance management should involve performance improvement, development and managing behavior. Unless there is a continuous development of individuals and teams, performance will not improve. The CIPD has identified the performance management by saying that it is:about establishing a culture in which individuals and groups take responsibility for the continuous improvement of business processes and of their own skills, behavior and contributions. It is about sharing expectations. Managers can clarify what they expect individual and teams to do; likewise individuals and teams can communicate their expectations of how they should be managed and what they need to do their jobs. It follows that performance management is about interrelationships and about improving the quality of relationships between managers and individuals, between managers and teams, between members of teams and so on, and is therefore a joint process. It is also about planning defining expectations expressed as objectives and in business plans and about measurement; the old dictum is If you cant measure it, you cant manage it. It should apply to all employees, not just managers, and to teams as much as individuals. It is a continuous process, not a one-off event. Last but not least, it is holistic and should pervade every aspect of running an organization. Now I work on a packing line in the Farm Packhouse. My day to day responsibilities involve: making sure that the punnets packed by me have the right weight and the quality meets the supermarket standards, ensuring the right labels are being used, separating first from second class, looking for progressive and non-progressive defects. I work on a packing line with five more girls. From my observation the problems that arise in our team come from poor communication between us, e.g. sometimes the line is overloaded and we need to stop packing, but not everyone is doing that. Also, due to poor communication and planning between and line leader and packhouse management, sometimes we have to wait for fruit or we will start packing and they will ask us to stop as we need to change the fruit in accordance to the orders. In these particular examples my responsibilities are limited as I am not the line leader and I am not responsible for planning the work. If there is a break down in the team communication, I talk to the other team members and try to explain that if we work together as one team and listen to each other we will be more productive and it will benefit us all. Another thing that is also an issue sometimes is the quality of the fruit that we have to pack. The quality controllers will have different opinion about the same fruit and one will say that we have to be very careful and tip the fruit and the other one will say that the fruit is good and we do not need to be so accurate. Again, I am quite limited as to how I can change this. One of my SMART objectives for the coming year is to become a QC. I am planning to talk to the QA manager and say from a packers point of view how this is disturbing our work. I will propose that the fruit is approved for packing by two QCs before it is loaded on the line, so that issues like that are minimised. I would say that the performance in our team is good. We work hard and make sure we do our job at the best of our abilities. Of course, sometimes our performance is not as good as it can be, but I believe this can be changed by better communication, clearer instructions, further training and more involvement. I believe that the leader on my line will benefit from with is performance. Some of his main duties include making sure we have enough fruit of the right quantity and quality on the line, making sure we have the right labels for the fruit we are packing, motivation and increasing the team performance, coordinating our work and breaks, putting the right labels on the pallets so that the packed fruit goes to the right supermarket. He and the other line leaders meet the Packhouse Assistant Manager in the morning after the daily orders have arrived, and they make the plan for the day. As mentioned above, I think that sometimes there is a lack in the communication about the right packing order of the fruit, e.g. which fruit has to be packed first based on the supermarket requirements. Also, his communication with the team can be improved. He does not get us involved as much as we would like to be involved. He finds it really hard to work under pressure and in there has been situation when he will be really stressed and this will affect his attitude towards us. I believe that our team leader needs to improve his communication both with us, his team and the management. He should involve us in the planning and the quality issues. Employees will only be able to perform at their best if they know their duties, obligations and rights and have an opportunity of making their views known to management on issues that affect them. Good communications is central to the management process and assume critical importance when dealing with changes in working practices and procedures. All managers need to communicate and consult with employees in order to be effective but they also need to exchange information with other managers. My thoughts can be supported by ACAS view on that topic: Employee communication and consultation offer many benefits although, done well, they require time and money. In particular good employee communications and consultation can: improve organizational performance improve management performance and decision making allowing employees to express their views can help managers and supervisors arrive at sound decisions which can more readily be accepted by employees as a whole; Improve employees performance and commitment employees will perform better if they are given regular, accurate information about their jobs such as updated technical instructions, targets, deadlines and feedback. Their commitment is also likely to be enhanced if they know what the organization is trying to achieve and how they, as individuals, can influence decisions help develop greater trust discussing issues of common interest and allowing employees an opportunity of expressing their views can engender improved management/employee relations increase job satisfaction employees are more likely to be motivated if they have a good understanding of their job and how it fits into the organisation as a whole and are actively encouraged to express their views and ideas. encourage a more flexible working environment employers can help to promote a good work-life balance within the organisation by talking to all their staff about developing flexible working policies and practices Communications and consultation are not, and should not, be an end in themselves. Nevertheless, used properly they have a key role to play both in ensuring the business success of organizations and in involving and empowering employees. In our case, if we trust the instructions given to us by the line leader, if we know exactly what is expected from us, if we know that the instructions will not change, if we are involved in the decision making, if our ideas are considered, we will feel motivated and our performance will increase. Never the less we work on piece rate and our performance is measured by the output, which means the more we pack the more we will earn, a job satisfaction and fulfillment will give us a long lasting motivation and performance drive. This is supported by Herzbergs motivation according to which people are influenced by two factors: Satisfaction and psychological growth are a result of motivation factors. Dissatisfaction is a result of a lack of hygiene factors Examples of Herzbergs hygiene needs in the workplace are: relationship with supervisor, work conditions, salary, status, security, relationship with subordinates. Herzbergs research identified that true motivators were other completely different factors, notably: achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility. Most managers realize that a happy workforce leads to improved performance which holds equally well for leadership and training. Performance counselling is a powerful motivational tool and can be defined as a formal discussion between a manager and a subordinate for the purpose of discussing the subordinates current job performance, determining why the performance is at its current level and outlining ways in which the subordinate can perform better in the future to the ultimate benefit of all: the subordinate, the manager and the organisation. They key is to focus on the future. The challenge to the manager is to provide a climate in which employee growth is actively encouraged. The team leaders at Hall Hunter Partnership are offered and attend different trainings. To help improve our team and our line leaders performance HHP can organize communication training and performance management training for the team leaders. At these courses things like improving communication, involving the workers, motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, equity, expectancy and goal motivation theories) should be discussed and examined in details. Also there should be regular meetings between the team and the leader, at which responsibilities, daily planning, weak and strong performance issues must be discussed. Another issue in our team is that in some situations our line leader does not treat all workers in the team equally. If there is a problem with the quality he might focus on couple of people from the team and constantly check their trays. This de-motivates these particular works and their performance becomes poor. The above is supported by Adams equity theory, according to which motivation is about the perception of fair and unfair treatment and distribution of resources between the employee and the employer. In order to improve our team performance and to deal with the performance issues our team has, I believe the following should be done: Have better communication both between the team and the line leader and the line leader and the packhouse management- this can be done by weekly meetings (on a Monday) at which the whole team meets and we discuss issues from the previous week and share ideas. These meetings will also help us build a team spirit so that we all feel involved as being part of a team. Have better planning- at the beginning of the day our line leader should meet the management and ask for the plan for the day. As we arrive at work he should share that with us. Attend training courses- the line leaders at the Packhouse should attend training courses which will improve their performance, which will also lead to improved team performance. Suitable courses I believe can be motivation, communication, stress management, planning courses. Treat all workers in the team equally- when the line leaders knows that we will be packing a poor quality fruit, he should have a meeting with all of us, describe the problem and monitor everyones performance in the same way. HHP has clear disciplinary and grievance procedures. Both of them are displayed in the farm office and in the induction. All workers are made aware of the policies as soon as they arrive on site. To make sure that they all understand them well, the company has translated them in four languages- Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian and Polish. The stages of the disciplinary procedure are verbal warning, written warning and dismissal. If a worker needs to be dismissed he is invited to a disciplinary meeting. All workers can be accompanied by a representative at the meeting. After that the worker can appeal if he does not agree with the outcomes of the meeting. The minutes of the meetings are always recorded and signed by the employee and the manager. It is really important that all meetings are recorded and an investigation is carried first. The consequence of making the wrong decision, or not following procedures, could lead to a claim to an employment tribunal and a subsequent award. In addi tion to any award, there are the costs of legal fees, poor productivity, lost management time and any effect on morale. In the summer I am a team leader on the field. I am responsible for monitoring the quality, making sure the lines are picked well, motivating the team to increase the performance, monitoring the workers performance. On our farm the workers are paid on piece work and set daily targets for them which they need to achieve. The first week they are in training period and we teach them how to pick. After that they start working on piece rate and their performance is monitored and they are given the targets- picked trays per hour. If they fail to achieve the rates they go through the disciplinary procedure. I, as a team leader, am responsible for the early stages of the disciplinary process. If there is a worker in my team who is not meeting the targets I will first try to find out why is that, check his picking technique, try to show him how he can pick fast. I will use counselling, will have a quiet word with the worker in question. If the performance is still poor and there is no improvement I will speak with the harvest manager. At that point the disciplinary procedure will come in force. The worker will be invited to a meeting at which both I and the harvest manager will be present. He will be issued with a verbal warning for poor performance. In more serious situations where the worker has conducted a gross misconduct- stealing a tray, changing the labels on a tray, fighting, coming drunk to work I will contact the harvest manager straight way. The worker will be dismissed by the harvest manager and no work will be offered to him. I always encourage my workers and tell them that if they have a complaint or a grievance they should come and talk to me first. Depending on the issue I will either try to solve the problem or get the harvest manager and the HR manager involved. The farm has also a worker council lead by the worker welfare representative. The workers know that they can discuss their problems there. The HR manager is involved in their meetings. The HR manager visits the sites regularly and speaks with the workers. Her telephone number is displayed on the notice board and the workers know they can contact her with any issues. I always encourage my workers to come and talk to me first. I try to have an open relationship with them, to treat them well and equally, to support and help them. If they have a complaint against me, I hope they come and talk to me first and try to resolve the issue together. The employees have very important part and a crucial role of running the business smoothly and efficiently. Using performance management can ensure that the employees not only fulfill their responsibilities, but do so to the best of their abilities and up to the company expectations. Performance management makes sure the employer uses the full potential of the staff. It is a process starting from monitoring and developing the desired traits to rating their progress and rewarding them for their achievements. The mere making of plans alone will not help a company to run business successfully. Focusing on the appropriate ways to get business tasks done is really important. One way of doing this efficiently is to involve the employees in the planning process. This will not only boost their morale and confidence, but also help avoid any communication gaps in the process. Measuring the performance of every employee is also important. This ensures that tasks are efficiently completed on time and on or under budget. It also points out any shortcomings of either the staff or business plans, and helps to take the appropriate corrective actions. Performance management gives the tools to instill the desired qualities in the employees in order to get the job done. Development is not limited to only individuals in the workplace, but also addresses the performance of the team as a whole. Evaluating and rating the performance of the employees on an individual basis is essential. This gives them a clear picture of where they presently stand, areas that they need to work on and what they are good at. This way, they can focus more on their weaknesses and work to strengthen those areas. Rewarding and appreciating the employees efforts ensures that their level of their performance and consequently the performance of the business is not compromised. It ensures optimum productivity, performance and maximum profitability. Rewarding the staff for a job well done not only enhance their performance but also serves as a tool to keep them motivated. Therefore, performance management is an effective system that allows companies to achieve their strategic and financial goals.